Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION


SECTION I SOUNDS


1. THE ALPHABET
OTHER SYMBOLS
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– The names of the letters in the alphabet
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Samples of Spanish medical words that are similar in English

2. THE VOWELS
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Numbers from 0 to 10
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Systems

3. THE CONSONANTS
RULES OF THUMB ON SPELLING
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Spanish-speaking Countries
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Medical specialties

4. ACCENT
RULE OF THUMB ON STRESS
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Interjections and greetings
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Specialists

SECTION II WORDS


5. SINGULAR / PLURAL
NUMBERS
TELLING THE TIME
TELLING THE DATE
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Days of the week
– Months of the year
– Time units (in natural order)
– Other words to express time
– Location
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Parts of the head
– Quick reference of the external parts of the head

6. MASCULINE / FEMININE
BASIC RULES TO KNOW THE GENDER OF A WORD
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Articles and demonstratives (in natural order)
– Possessives (in natural order)
– Other limiting adjectives
– The family
– Genders and ages
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Parts of the body
– Quick reference of the external parts of the body

7. CONJUGATION
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
REGULAR VERBS
“TENER” (= TO HAVE)
TIPS GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Personal pronouns
– The verbs for “to be” (= ser/ estar)
– The verbs for “to have” (= tener/ haber)
– Sample of descriptive adjectives that use “ser”
– Sample of descriptive adjectives that use “estar”
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Organs

8. HOW TO LEARN WORDS EFFICIENTLY
COGNATES, INDIRECT COGNATES AND FALSE COGNATES
SPANGLISH
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Remember “tener” (to have got)
– The verb “hacer” (= to make)
– Nouns that go with “tener” (= to have got)
– Nouns that go with “hacer” (= to make)
– Spanglish
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Bones

SECTION III SENTENCES


9. ONE FUTURE, PRESENT, AND PAST
ONE FUTURE: “I AM GOING TO SING”
ONE PRESENT “I AM SINGING”
ONE PAST “I HAVE SUNG”
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– The verb “ir” (= to go)
– Remember “estar,” (= to be -temporal, Chapter 7 Conjugation)
– The verb “haber” (= to have, as an auxiliary verb)
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Fluids, vessels, glands, and tissues

10. IRREGULARITIES IN FUTURE, PRESENT, AND PAST
IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE INFINITIVE ( TO SING)
IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE GERUND (SINGING)
IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST PARTICIPLE (SUNG)
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Conjunctions
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Elements, chemicals, and nutrients

11. GRAMMAR RULES
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Possessive pronouns
– Object pronouns
– Pronouns with the preposition “con” (= with)
– Pronouns with other prepositions, e.g. para (= for)
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Symtoms

12. NEGATIONS AND QUESTIONS
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE SENTENCES
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Adverbs for negations and questions
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Tools and procedures of diagnostics

SECTION IV VERBS


13. VERY IMPORTANT VERBS
“SER” AND “ESTAR” (= TO BE)
“HABER” AND “TENER” (= TO HAVE)
“IR” (= TO GO)
“HAY” AND “QUEDA” (= THERE IS AND THERE IS LEFT)
“PODER” (= CAN, MAY) AND “TENER QUE” (= TO HAVE TO)
“DEBER” (= TO OUGHT TO) AND “NECESITAR” (= TO NEED)
IRREGULAR VERBS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Elements of a hospital room
– Elements of a hospital
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Disorders and diseases

14. TRANSLATING “IT APPEALS TO ME”
THE OPTIONAL EMPHASIS IN THE PERSON
THE ORDER OF THE SENTENCE
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Useful verbs of the gustar family
– Administrative data
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Drugs
– Tools of treatment and prevention

15. REFLEXIVITY AND PASSIVE VOICE
REFLEXIVITY
THE PASSIVE VOICE
TIPS:
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Some verbs that can function as reflexive
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Procedures of treatment

16. THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES
REGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE
REGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST TENSE
FALSE-IRREGULAR OR SPELLING-CHANGING VERBS
THE IRREGULAR VERBS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
General Questions
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
Accidents and incidents
Units

17. NEXT STEPS IN SPANISH
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED
WHAT TO REMEMBER
WHAT IS OUT THERE
TIPS
GENERAL VOCABULARY
– Adjectives used with “ser:” conditions
– Adjectives used with “estar:” states
– Verbs
MEDICAL VOCABULARY
– Miscellaneous nouns
– Adjectives

PHRASEBOOK

GETTING A HISTORY
ASSESSMENT / DIAGNOSIS
PROCEDURES
TEACHING / FOLLOW UP

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: NOTES ABOUT DIALECTS
APPENDIX B: NOTES ABOUT CULTURE
APPENDIX C: PRESENT TENSE
APPENDIX D: TABLE OF ENDINGS OF THE REGULAR VERBS

INDICES

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL WORDS INDEX OF TECHNICAL WORDS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION

SECTION I SOUNDS

1. THE ALPHABET
Other Symbols
Tips
General Vocabulary
– The names of the letters in the alphabet
Technical Vocabulary
– Samples of Spanish technical words that are similar in English

2. THE VOWELS
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Numbers from 0 to 10
Technical Vocabulary
– Units

3. THE CONSONANTS 
Rules of Thumb on Spelling
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Spanish-speaking Countries
Technical Vocabulary
– Specialties

4. ACCENT
Rule of Thumb on Stress
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Interjections and greetings
Technical Vocabulary
– Specialists and positions

SECTION II WORDS

5. SINGULAR / PLURAL
Telling the Time
Telling the Date
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Days of the week
– Months of the year
– Time units(in natural order)
– Other words to express time & Locations
Technical Vocabulary
– Construction I

6. MASCULINE / FEMININE
Basic Rules to Know the Gender of a Word
General Vocabulary
– Articles and demonstratives (in natural order)
– Possessives (in natural order)
– Other limiting adjectives
Technical Vocabulary
– Construction II

7. CONJUGATION
The Personal Pronouns
Regular Verbs
“Tener” (= to have)
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Personal pronouns
– The verbs for “to be” (= ser/ estar)
– The verbs for “to have” (= tener/ haber)
– Sample of descriptive adjectives that use “ser”
– Sample of descriptive adjectives that use “estar”
Technical Vocabulary
– Materials

8. HOW TO LEARN WORDS EFFICIENTLY
Cognates, Indirect Cognates and False Cognates
Spanglish
Prefixes and Suffixes
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Remember “tener”(to have got)
– The verb “hacer” (= to make)
– Nouns that go with “tener” (= to have got)
unlike English, which go with “to be” (= ser/ estar)
– Nouns that go with “hacer” (= to make)
– Spanglish
Technical Vocabulary
– Electricity

SECTION III  SENTENCES

9. ONE FUTURE, PRESENT, AND PAST
One Future: “I am going to sing”
One Present “I am singing”
One Past “I have sung”
Tips
General Vocabulary
– The verb “ir” (= to go)
– Remember “estar,” (= to be -temporal, Chapter 7 Conjugation) 
– The verb “haber” (= to have, as an auxiliary verb)
Technical Vocabulary
– Electronics

10. IRREGULARITIES IN FUTURE, PRESENT, AND PAST
Irregular Verbs in the Infinitive ( to sing)
Irregular Verbs in the Gerund (singing)
Irregular Verbs in the Past Participle (Sung)
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Conjunctions
Technical Vocabulary
– Hardware and Software

11. GRAMMAR RULES
Possessive pronouns
Object pronouns
Pronouns with the preposition “con” (= with)
Pronouns with other prepositions, eg para (= for)
general Vocabulary
-Conjunctions
Technical Vocabulary
– HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) and Safety

12. NEGATIONS AND QUESTIONS
Negative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative-Negative Sentences
General Vocabulary
– Adverbs for negations and questions
Technical Vocabulary
– Mechanical tools and parts SECTION IV  VERBS

13. VERY IMPORTANT VERBS
“Ser” and “Estar” (= to be)
“Haber” and “Tener” (= to have)
“Ir” (= to go)
“Hay” and “Queda” (= there is and there is left)
“Poder” (= can, may) and “tener que” (= to have to)
“Deber” (= to ought to) and “necesitar” (= to need)
Irregular Verbs
The verb “poder” (= can,may)
The verb “deber” (= to ought to)
The verb “necesitar” (= to need)
General Vocabulary
-Poder
-Deber
-Necesitar
Technical Vocabulary
– Project Management

14. TRANSLATING “IT APPEALS TO ME”
The Optional Emphasis in the Person
The order of the sentence
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Useful verbs of the gustar family
Technical Vocabulary
– Accounting and Procurement

15. REFLEXIVITY AND PASSIVE VOICE Reflexivity
The Passive Voice
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Some verbs that can function as reflexive
Technical Vocabulary
– Mathematics

16. THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES
Regular Verbs in the Present Tense
Regular Verbs in the Past Tense
False-irregular or Spelling-changing Verbs
The Irregular Verbs
General Vocabulary
– General Questions
Technical Vocabulary
– The Office and the Travels

17. NEXT STEPS IN SPANISH
What have you learned
What to remember
What is out there
Tips
General Vocabulary
– Verbs
Technical Vocabulary
– Adjectives

PHRASEBOOK

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: NOTES ABOUT DIALECTS
APPENDIX B: NOTES ABOUT CULTURE
APPENDIX C: PRESENT TENSE
APPENDIX D: TABLE OF ENDINGS OF THE REGULAR VERBS INDICES
INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL WORDS
INDEX OF TECHNICAL WORDS

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I SOUNDS

1. THE ALPHABET
COROLLARY: OTHER SYMBOLS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: Why in my dictionary are “ch” and “ll” considered single letters?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

2. THE VOWELS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: Is the letter “y” a vowel?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

3. THE CONSONANTS
COROLLARY: RULES OF THUMB ON SPELLING
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: What are the two dots on the “u” in “lingüista?”
FAQ 2: I’ve seen both “México” and “Méjico.” What’s the right spelling?
FAQ 3: Why have I never heard the English “th” sound in Spanish?
FAQ 4: Should “y” and “ll” sound the same?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

4. SYLLABLE AND STRESS
BREAKDOWN OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES
RULES OF ACCENTS
General Rules
Additional Rules:
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: Vídeo or Video?
FAQ 2: Do I really need to learn how to break the words into syllables?
FAQ 3: What is the difference between accent mark and stress?
FAQ 4: How do I know where the stress is in words like “construimos,” which has two vowels together in the stressed syllable?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY


SECTION II VOCABULARY

5. SINGULAR / PLURAL
COROLLARY 1: NUMBERS
COROLLARY 2: TELLING THE TIME
COROLLARY 3: TELLING THE DATE
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: What’s the plural of words like “cactus?”
FAQ 2: Can I express years in hundreds?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

6. MASCULINE / FEMININE
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ : I’ve seen “el arpa” (= the harp), but my Spanish dictionary says that it is feminine. Shouldn’t it be “la arpa?
FAQ : El radio or la radio?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

7. CONJUGATION
COROLLARY : THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
COROLLARY : THE THREE SIMPLEST VERB STRUCTURES: “I AM SINGING, I AM GOING TO SING, I HAVE SUNG”
COROLLARY 1: NEGATIVE SENTENCES
COROLLARY 2: INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
COROLLARY 3: INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE SENTENCES
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: “Vosotros” or “ustedes” (= you plural)?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

8. HOW TO LEARN WORDS EFFICIENTLY
COROLLARY 1: PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
COROLLARY 2: SPANGLISH
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: Where do I find the “grammatical words” I have to learn every day?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY


SECTION III GRAMMAR

9. TYPES OF WORDS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: Why is this classification of words important?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

10. INTERJECTIONS
COROLLARY : SENTENCES OF EXCLAMATION
COROLLARY : “SO DO I,” “NEITHER DO I”
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: What are the “Question Tags?”
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

11. DETERMINERS
COROLLARY : CONTRACTIONS
COROLLARY : FREQUENCY OF USE OF SPANISH“EL/LA” IN COMPARISON TO THE ENGLISH “THE”
COROLLARY 1: ABOUT ACCENTS MARKS
COROLLARY 2: FEMININE WORDS WITH “EL:” EL AGUA
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: Are “possessives” a type of determiners, adjectives or pronouns?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

12. ADJECTIVES
COROLLARY 1: THE VERB “TO BE”
COROLLARY 2: THE VERB “TO HAVE”
COROLLARY 3: COMPARATIVES
COROLLARY 4: QUANTITIES
COROLLARY 5: “THERE IS,” “THERE’S LEFT”
COROLLARY 6: ANOTHER, OTHER, OTHERS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: I’ve seen the word “good” translated by both “bueno” and “buen;” how come?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

13. NOUNS
COROLLARY 1: PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
COROLLARY 2: “BABE, BABY; JOHN, JOHNNY
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: Are the rules to pass from masculine to feminine and from singular to plural applicable for determiners, adjectives and nouns?
FAQ 2: I’ve seen “United States” abbreviated as EE.UU., how come?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

14. PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Type 1. Object Pronouns with Prepositions
Type 2. Object pronouns with the preposition “con” (= with)
Type 3. Object pronouns with the preposition “entre” (= between)
Type 4. Direct Object (D.O.) pronouns
Type 5. Indirect Object (I.O.) Pronouns
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: Again, what’s the direct object?
FAQ : I’ve heard that even native speakers confuse the words: “la, le, lo.” Is there a rule of thumb?
FAQ : I’ve heard that in some cases, it is accepted to use “le” as a direct object pronoun too. How come?
EXERCISES

15. ADVERBS
COROLLARY : THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS: WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, ETC.
COROLLARY : THE RELATIVE ADVERBS
COROLLARY : ADVERBS / ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: What does “lo que” mean?
FAQ 2: My dictionary says: “qué” means “what,” and “cuál” means “which;” however, I have seen those words translated the other way round. How come?
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

16. PREPOSITIONS
COROLLARY 1: PREPOSITIONS / PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
COROLLARY 2: “PARA” VERSUS “POR” (= FOR)
COROLLARY 3: THE EXTENSIVE USE OF “EN” (= IN)
COROLLARY 4: THE EXTENSIVE USE OF “DE” (= OF)
COROLLARY 5: THE PERSONAL “A” (= TO)
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

17. CONJUNCTIONS
COROLLARY: CONJUNTIONS / CONJUCTIVE EXPRESSIONS
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

18. VERBS
ABOUT VERBS IN ANY LANGUAGE
ABOUT VERBS IN SPANISH
COROLLARY 1: ABOUT “HABER” AND “TENER” (= TO HAVE)
COROLLARY 2: ABOUT “SER” AND “ESTAR” (= TO BE)
COROLLARY 3: “HAY / QUEDA” (= THERE IS / THERE IS LEFT)
COROLLARY 4: IRREGULAR VERBS
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

REFERENCE TABLES
REGULAR VERBS
THE AUXILIARY VERBS HABER, ESTAR, SER, IR


SECTION IV VERB TENSES

19. INFINITIVE “TO SING”
COROLLARY 1: NOUNS DERIVED FROM VERBS
COROLLARY 2: VERB PERIPHRASES: TWO VERBS IN TANDEM
COROLLARY 3: I AM GOING TO + INFINITIVE = VOY A + INFINITIVE
COROLLARY : IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE INFINITIVE
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

20. GERUND “SINGING”
COROLLARY 1: ADVERBS DERIVED FROM VERBS
COROLLARY 2: “I AM SINGING = “ESTOY CANTANDO”
COROLLARY 3: IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE GERUND
Type 1. Affects all verbs ending with -aer, -eer, -oer, -oír, -uir. e.g. atribuir.
Type . Affects two verbs. Those IR verbs whose infinitive have an –o- in the second to last syllable.
Type 2. Affects all verbs of the third conjugation (IR verbs) whose infinitive have an -e- in the second to last syllable.
Type 3. Others.
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

21. PAST PARTICIPLE “SUNG”
COROLLARY 1: ADJECTIVES DERIVED FROM VERBS
COROLLARY 2: “I HAVE SUNG = HE CANTADO;” “I HAD SUNG” =“HABÍA CANTADO”
COROLLARY 3: IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST PARTICIPLE
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

22. PRESENT “I SING”
COROLLARY 1: SPELLING-CHANGING OR FALSE-IRREGULAR VERBS
COROLLARY 2: THE IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE
Type 1. Affects all verbs ending in –uir
Type 2. Affects most verbs with an -o- in the second to last syllable.
Type 3. Affects most verbs with an –e- in the second to last syllable.
Type 4. Affects most verbs with an –e- in the second to last syllable.
Type 5. Affects all verbs ending with –cer or –cir , except “decir.”
Type 6. Others.
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

23. PRETERITE “I SANG”
COROLLARY : DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRETERITE AND THE IMPERFECT PAST
COROLLARY : SPELLING-CHANGING OR FALSE-IREGULAR VERBS
COROLLARY : IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRETERITE
Type 1. Affects all verbs ending in –aer, –eer, –oer, –oír, -uir.
Type 2. Affects all IR-verbs with an –e- in the second to last syllable.
Type 3. Affects all verbs ending in -cir, except “decir” and “bendecir”.
Type 4. Others.
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

24. IMPERFECT PAST “I SANG” (I USED TO SING)
COROLLARY : IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT PAST TENSE
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

25. FUTURE “I WILL SING”
COROLLARY : IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE FUTURE TENSE
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

26. CONDITIONAL “I WOULD SING”
COROLLARY : IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE CONDITIONAL TENSE
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

27. IMPERATIVE “SING!”
COROLLARY 1: USE OF “POR FAVOR” (= PLEASE)
COROLLARY 2: IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE IMPERATIVE
Type 1. Those verbs that can form the imperative from their form in the present tense, i.e. acertar (= to hit with a projectile or an answer).
Type 2. Others.
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

28. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE “…THAT I SING”
USE OF THE PRESENT OF SUBJUNCTIVE FOR COMMANDS
INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
COROLLARY 1: SPELLING-CHANGING OR FALSE-IRREGULAR VERBS
COROLLARY 2: IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Type 1. Affects all verbs ending in –uir
Type 2. Affects most -verbs with an –o– in the second to last syllable. (verbs with –o- can be regular, like “co-mer”).
Type 3. Affects most verbs with an –e– in the second to last syllable. (verbs with –e- can be regular, like “pe-sar,” = to weigh).
Type 4. Affects most verbs with an –e- in the second to last syllable.
Type 5. Affects all verbs ending in –cer, or –cir, except decir.
Type 6. Others
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

29. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE “…THAT I SANG”
COROLLARY : THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
COROLLARY : IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

30. TENSES WITH TO HAVE “I HAVE SUNG”
COROLLARY : IRREGULARITIES IN THE COMPOUND TENSES
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

31. TENSES WITH TO BE “I AM SINGING”
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

32. PERIPHRASES “I AM GOING TO SING”
COROLLARY: TRANSLATION OF THE ENGLISH DEFECTIVE VERBS
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

33. REFLEXIVE VERBS
Type One. Verbs that function as either reflexive or not depending on the direct object being oneself or something else.
Type Two. Verbs that function as either reflexive or non-reflexive optionally, depending on the speaker’s style.
Type Three. Verbs that can function as either reflexive or not depending on the meaning, e.g. ir (= to go).
Type Four. Verbs that can only function as reflexive, e.g. quejar (= to complain).
COROLLARY 1: THE STRUCTURE “TO HAVE SOMETHING DONE”
COROLLARY 2: TO GET/ TO BECOME+ ADJECTIVE/ PAST PARTICIPLE
COROLLARY 3: THE ETHIC DATIVE
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

34. VERBS LIKE “GUSTAR”
COROLLARY: THE OPTIONAL EMPHASIS IN THE PERSON
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY

35. THE PASSIVE VOICE “THE SONG IS SUNG”
COROLLARY: THE IMPERSONAL “SE”
EXERCISES
VOCABULARY



APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: NOTES ABOUT DIALECTS
APPENDIX B: LOCAL WORDS OF CALIFORNIA
APPENDIX C: REGULAR VERBS
APPENDIX D: AUXILARY VERBS: HABER, ESTAR, SER, IR
APPENDIX E: A LIST OF REGULAR VERBS
APPENDIX F: A LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

GLOSSARY

INTRODUCTION

1. PRONUNCIATION

VOWELS
CONSONANTS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1 : Why in my dictionary are “ch” and “ll” considered single letters?
FAQ 2: Is the letter “y” a vowel?
FAQ3 : Should “y” and “ll” sound the same? Why do some people use an “i?”
FAQ 4: What are the two dots on the “u” in “lingüista?”
FAQ 5: I’ve seen both “México” and “Méjico.” What’s the right spelling?
FAQ 6: Why have I never heard the English “th” sound in Spanish?
FAQ 7 : Sometimes native speakers don’t pronounce the “d” or the “s.” Is there any rule for it?
EXERCISES

2. ORTHOGRAPHY

RULES OF THUMB ON SPELLING
SPELLING OF THE GRAMMATICAL WORDS
RULES OF ACCENTS
General Rules
Complementary Rules
COMPOSITIÓN, CAPITALIZATION, AND PUNCTUATION
Composition
Capitalization
Punctuation
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: Again, what is the difference between accent mark and stress?
FAQ 2: Vídeo or Video?
FAQ 3: Do I really need to learn how to break the words into syllables?
FAQ 4: How do I know where the stress is in words like “construimos,” which has two vowels together in the stressed syllable?
EXERCISES

3. ADJECTIVES

DEFINITIONS
PLACEMENT OF SPANISH ADJECTIVES
FAQ 1: Why is the classification of words important?
FAQ 2: Are there any more cases where the adjectives can precede the noun?
EXERCISES

4. >PRONOUNS

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Type 1. Pronouns with Prepositions different than “con” (= with), and “entre” (between)
Type 2. Pronouns with the preposition “con” (= with)
Type 3. Object pronouns with the preposition “entre” (between)
Type 4. Direct Object (D.O.) pronouns
Type 5. Indirect Object (I.O.) Pronouns
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
THE PRONOUN WITH “SER” AND “ESTAR”
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: Again, what’s the direct object?
FAQ 2: I’ve heard that even native speakers confuse the words: “la, le, lo.” Is there a rule of thumb?
FAQ 3: I’ve heard that in some cases, it is accepted to use “le” as a direct object pronoun too. How come?
EXERCISES

5. PREPOSITIONS

MULTIPLE-WORD PREPOSITIONS
SINGLE-WORD PREPOSITIONS
– A (= to)
– De (= of)
– En (= in, on, at)
– Para / Por (= to, for, by)
PREPOSITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH VERBS
PREPOSITIONS REPLACED BY AN ADJECTIVE
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: Is it correct to write two prepositions together?
FAQ 2: What is “queísmo” and “dequeísmo”?
FAQ 3: Can I say “alrededor mío,” since “mío” means “de mí”?
EXERCISES

6. SUBJUNCTIVE

THE SUBJUNCTIVE TENSES
GRAMMATICAL INSTANCES OF SUBJUNCTIVE
CONTEXTUAL INSTANCES OF SUBJUNCTIVE
USE OF THE FOUR TENSES OF SUBJUNCTIVE
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ: I still confuse indicative and subjunctive, can the native speakers really understand me?
EXERCISES

7. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON VERBS

INFINITIVE AND GERUND
PRETERITE AND IMPERFECT PAST
SER AND ESTAR (= TO BE)
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: Do all infinitives have gender: el cantar (= the singing)?
FAQ 2: Do all past participles have gender: cansado/ cansada?
EXERCISES

8. HOW TO LEARN WORDS EFFICIENTLY

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
SPANGLISH
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
FAQ 1: Where do I find the “grammatical words”?
FAQ 2:”Piecito” o “piececito, for “small foot”?
FAQ 3: “Calentito” o “calientito, for “a bit hot”?
EXERCISES

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: NOTES ABOUT DIALECTS
APPENDIX B: WORDS OF SPAIN AND LATIN AMERICA
APPENDIX C: NOTES ABOUT CULTURE
APPENDIX D: LIST OF GRAMMATICAL WORDS
APPENDIX E: TABLE OF ENDINGS OF REGULAR VERBS
APPENDIX F: TABLE OF AUXILIARY VERBS:
HABER, ESTAR, SER, IR

GLOSSARY